Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), exterior view of the gate from south-west

Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), exterior view of the gate from south-west

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, entrance - a stone base (spolia) which is the cathedral baptismal font

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, entrance – a stone base (spolia) which is the cathedral baptismal font

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower's west-south corner

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower’s west-south corner

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the southern facade of the tower with its machicolations and parapets

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the southern facade of the tower with its machicolations and parapets

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the facade

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - one of the wall tower

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – one of the wall tower

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's western facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s western facade

Aerial view of war damage in ancient city of Aleppo by drone

Fig.01_Drone photograph showing damage in Aleppo

STUNDE NULL (2019 – 2020)

Tall al-Mishrifa (ancient Qatna), view of the historic citywall, within which the village is located

Tall al-Mishrifa (ancient Qatna), view of the historic citywall, within which the village is located

General view of defensive tower to the north of city gate Bab Antakiya

General view image

The semi-circular towers of ar-Raqqa Wall

The semi-circular towers of ar-Raqqa Wall

Maps of Aleppo: Sectoral concentration of trade and craft, 1982

Maps of Aleppo: Sectoral concentration of trade and craft, 1982

Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), inscription beside the gate from the outside

Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), inscription beside the gate from the outside

Burj Alaʾ, southern facade from the inside with the arrow slit

Burj Alaʾ, southern facade from the inside with the arrow slit

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's southern facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s southern facade

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - Columns discovered during excavation

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – Columns discovered during excavation

A minaret rises above al-Bab ash-Sharqi

A minaret rises above al-Bab ash-Sharqi

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

al-Bab ash-Sharqi, a small arched side entrance

al-Bab ash-Sharqi, a small arched side entrance

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

Plan of the Old City of Aleppo_BTU_Ground Floors2

Plan of the Old City of Aleppo_BTU_Ground Floors2

Arial veiw at Tall al-Biʿa, Ancient city of Tuttul

Arial veiw at Tall al-Biʿa, Ancient city of Tuttul

Raqqa, Map draft of ar- Rafiqa and its walls

Raqqa, Map draft of ar- Rafiqa and its walls

Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Aleppo in the 1930s, aerial view in northwest direction with the citadel and the old town in the background

Aleppo in the 1930s, aerial view in northwest direction with the citadel and the old town in the background

Jamiʿ al-Qayqan, Stone engraving - hieroglyphic pictorial writing

Jamiʿ al-Qayqan, Stone engraving – hieroglyphic pictorial writing