Bab al-Hadid, general view of the entrance

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the entrance

Bab al-Hadid, south-west facade of the gate tower

Bab al-Hadid, south-west facade of the gate tower

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's entrance from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s entrance from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower from the outside

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s facade

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bad al-Hadid, detail of a rank decorating the gate's entrance from outside

Bad al-Hadid, detail of a rank decorating the gate’s entrance from outside

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower

Maps of Aleppo: city center and historical suburban aereas, 1982

Maps of Aleppo: city center and historical suburban aereas, 1982

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower's southern facade

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower’s southern facade

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's entrance from inside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s entrance from inside

Mohamad Al Roumi_Raqqa_ed

Mohamad Al Roumi_Raqqa_ed

Geometrical patterns of a traditional ‘Ajami rug from ar-Raqqa

Geometrical patterns of a traditional ‘Ajami rug from ar-Raqqa

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Aerial photo of al-ʿAtiq mosque, ar-Raqqa

Aerial photo of al-ʿAtiq mosque, ar-Raqqa

Aerial photo of Hiraqla Palace, Raqqa

Aerial photo of Hiraqla Palace, Raqqa

Traditional ‘Ajami rug from ar-Raqqa

Traditional ‘Ajami rug from ar-Raqqa

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Fortification tower north of the Bab Antakiya, view during the removal of historical annexes

Fortification tower north of the Bab Antakiya, view during the removal of historical annexes

Tower north of Bab Antakiya, a side of the defensive tower after the removal of infringements

Tower north of Bab Antakiya, a side of the defensive tower after the removal of infringements

Damascus, part of the city wall and the eastern tower

Damascus, part of the city wall and the eastern tower

ar-Rusafa, Capital on the interior façade of the North Gate,

ar-Rusafa, Capital on the interior façade of the North Gate,

Part of Damascus city wall topped by a house balcony

Part of Damascus city wall topped by a house balcony

Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

ar-Rusafa, North Gate of the city wall, interior

ar-Rusafa, North Gate of the city wall, interior

Part of the of the city wall of Damascus

Part of the of the city wall of Damascus

ar-Rusafa -interior view- North Gate of the basilica

ar-Rusafa -interior view- North Gate of the basilica

ar-Rusafa, North-Gate, view into the interior.

ar-Rusafa, North-Gate, view into the interior.

Exterior view from the south of the North Gate in ar-Rusafa.

Exterior view from the south of the North Gate in ar-Rusafa.