Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Ar-Raqqa, city wall, showing an arched gate and two towers

Ar-Raqqa, city wall, showing an arched gate and two towers

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

Part of the city wall of ar-Raqqa after the restoration

Part of the city wall of ar-Raqqa after the restoration

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

Remains of ar-Raqqa Wall built of mud brick

Remains of ar-Raqqa Wall built of mud brick

Ar-Raqqa, part of city wall

Ar-Raqqa, part of city wall

The semi-circular towers of ar-Raqqa Wall

The semi-circular towers of ar-Raqqa Wall

Bedtime stories

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription in Aleppo

Raqqa, City Wall

Raqqa, City Wall

Hammam an-Nahhasin, the warm section (wastani)

Hammam an-Nahhasin, the warm section (wastani)

Previous state, main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-a_Main front in 1995, with ornamental details, spolia, and a coat of arms

Reconstruction (drawing) of the missing part of the main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-b_Marking missing stones after partial collapse

Previous state 1995, main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41_View with ornamental details, spolia, and a coat of arms

One of the towers of Damascus Citadel

One of the towers of Damascus Citadel

Part of the of the city wall of Damascus

Part of the of the city wall of Damascus

Hiraqla victory monument - plan of ground level

Hiraqla victory monument – plan of ground level

Inscription on the Damascus wall

Inscription on the Damascus wall

Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - one of the wall tower

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – one of the wall tower

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Tall al-Mishrifa (ancient Qatna), view of the historic citywall, within which the village is located

Tall al-Mishrifa (ancient Qatna), view of the historic citywall, within which the village is located

Raqqa, Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - Excavations

Raqqa, Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – Excavations

Part of Damascus City Wall to the east of the city

Part of Damascus City Wall to the east of the city

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

An aerial photograph of the city of Raqqa, showing the wall and the old mosque (original photo: Mohamad Al-Roumi)

An aerial photograph of the city of Raqqa, showing the wall and the old mosque (original photo: Mohamad Al-Roumi)

Part of Damascus city wall topped by a house balcony

Part of Damascus city wall topped by a house balcony

Walls b & c, room 07, diagonal view with floor & ceiling

Room 07 with code P01.L00.07.00.Xc-d

A small pathway in the Ghuta of Damascus

A small pathway in the Ghuta of Damascus