Catalogue of Damage – Architectural Heritage
Illustrated Glossary of Effects of war and of deterioration phenomena
Catalogue of Damage
Introduction
This illustrated glossary focuses on the description and definition of damage to building structures (as a generalizing term), which refers to changes that threaten a building as a whole or impair the preservation/longevity of its components.
For a damage diagnosis the determination of the cause is of great importance. For this reason, our Aleppo Built Heritage Documentation (and assessment) Project, have identified and typified the characteristic forms of damage to building structures and materials that exist in the city after the end of the fighting. This includes, besides listing the usual natural or anthropogenically caused forms of weathering, also the attempt to deal with the description of war-related damage and includes specific forms of material damage and destruction of building structures.
In the restoration / conservation of architectural monuments the following terms are usually used to describe the condition of preservation: Alteration, Damage, Decay, Degradation, Deterioration, Weathering and Loss. In this context, “Condition” always refers to the degree of any change in the structural substance and does not necessarily have a negative connotation. Any changes or alterations are only regarded as damage if they permanently impair and endanger the substance and appearance of a single object or entire building.
In the evaluation of conditions, certain values, beliefs and traditions always play a role. For example, traces of use or types of patina, can increase the value of an object for some, while for others they are merely an aesthetic impairment.
This glossary should be a valuable means of reference, a means of communication among those working in the field, a help in professional education and work. In this context, it is of primary importance to set up a common language; if degradation patterns can be shown, named and described, then they can be recognised and compared with similar ones in a more accurate way in further investigations.
The glossary is based on a selected word list of the most important technical terms in the field of monument conservation including a brief definition of the single phenomenon and information useful and required for the full understanding of each condition issue and its associated term. It includes images for each condition type and illustrates a term accurately and without the need for further explanation; the term as it is defined as an individual element within a built object. As a consequence, the terms do not relate to the description of the deterioration of a stone masonry structure as a whole.
The terminology of conditions may have some specific features, often related to the regional techniques and materials used, or specific characteristics of the cultural heritage in a particular country. It is influenced by the natural sciences, the arts and humanities, the engineering sciences, but also by traditional craftsmanship and artistic traditions. This fact might cause difficulties in communication and therefore the terminology should improve communication and co-operation among the different trades and actors on site, and communication among the multidisciplinary professionals and the interested public. It helps avoid misunderstandings and reduces the risk of bad practice in heritage preservation.
Therefore, this glossary addresses a diverse range of readers:
- professionals like architects, engineers, scientists, conservators, planners and practitioners, as well as craftsmen, to help them, as a reference, with their daily work;
- administrative authorities, to give them a tool for communicating their tasks;
- individuals, to give advice in understanding deterioration and preservation processes within their built environment
The categorization of condition and risk assessment is an effective tool for the preparation of reports and expert opinions to support decision makers and field experts alike. In order to simplify assessments, for non-designated experts for material or structural damage, each type of condition is accompanied by its possible categorization in severity/degree (CC= Condition Class) and risk assessment the urgency of intervention (UC= Urgency Class)
(Explanatory note: see Annex, Glossary of surface and material condition phenomena)
External References to glossaries
ICOMOS illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, Monuments and Sites XV, 2008
Link to site: iscs.icomos.org/glossary.html | Link to PDF file.
EwaGlos, European Illustrated Glossary of Conservation Terms for wall paintings and architectural surfaces
Link to site | Link to PDF file
Classification scheme – Working group “Natural Stones and Weathering”, RWTH Aachen
Link to site
Structural damages / Phenomena
caused by war, terrorist attacks or natural disasters
Kind of Damage: Structural Damage
Total loss and collapse
Cause of Damage:
- Explosion / tunnel bomb,
- Earthquake,
- Impact by shelling,
- Construction defects / settlement,
- Shock wave,
- Fire (heat)
Definition / Description:
Physically complete destruction and loss of a building or its readability
Refer to “Rubble / Debris Management – General Guideline”
Condition Class:
total loss
CC4
Urgency Class:
intermediate term 1-3 years
UC1
Kind of Damage: Structural Damage
(Partial) collapse
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Earthquake,
- Shock wave,
- Vibrations,
- Load stress,
- Fire (heat),
- Use of incompatible materials / methods
Definition / Description:
Building heavily damaged, partially collapsed, destruction by impacts;
Loss of cohesive structural elements that come off from the building and fall down due to external influence
Refer to “Rubble / Debris Management – General Guideline”
Condition Class:
major symptoms
CC3
Urgency Class:
short term within 1 year
UC2
Kind of Damage: Structural Damage
(Multiple) mechanical damage
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Construction defects / settlement,
- Loose structural elements
- Shock wave,
- Vibrations,
- Load stress,
- Fire (heat),
Definition / Description:
Building heavily damaged, partially collapsed, destruction by impacts/ shelling;
Multiple forms and intensities of damage; severe losses, deformations, cracks, loose structural elements, bullet holes/ impacts;
Loss of components or building elements that come off the building and fall down
Refer to “Rubble / Debris Management – General Guideline”
Condition Class:
major symptoms
CC3
Urgency Class:
short term within 1 year
UC2
Kind of Damage: Cracks & Deformation
Fracture / Structural crack
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Earthquake,
- Construction defects / settlement,
- Shock wave,
- Vibrations,
- Load stress,
- Fire (heat),
- Use of incompatible materials / methods
Definition / Description:
Individual fracture, clearly visible by naked eye, crosses completely the building element due to separation of one part from another.
Construction-related cracks occur due to changes in position, shape or volume of the construction.
A crack causes a visible separation of one part from another, that extends through one or more layers.
A crack is at least 0,2 mm wide and visible to the naked eye.
Condition Class:
major symptoms
CC3
Urgency Class:
short term within 1 year
to urgent within 3 month
UC2 UC3
Kind of Damage: Cracks & Deformation
Deformation: bulging, swelling
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling (e.g. shock wave),
- Construction defects / settlement,
- Static defects (e.g. load stress),
- Fire (heat),
- Water impact,
- Inappropriate building technique / materials or repair
Definition / Description:
Individual fracture, clearly visible by naked eye, crosses completely the building element due to separation of one part from another.
Construction-related cracks occur due to changes in position, shape or volume of the construction.
A crack causes a visible separation of one part from another, that extends through one or more layers.
A crack is at least 0,2 mm wide and visible to the naked eye.
Condition Class:
minor symptoms
to moderate symptoms
CC1 CC2
Urgency Class:
intermediate term 1-3 years
to long term
UC1 UC0
Kind of Damage: Detachments
Delamination / separation of walls
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Earthquake,
- Construction defects / settlement,
- Shock wave,
- Vibrations
- Load stress,
- Use of incompatible materials / methods
Definition / Description:
Vertical fracture, clearly visible by naked eye, crosses the wall parallel to its surface, due to separation of one layer or shell from another.
Condition Class:
major symptoms
CC3
Urgency Class:
urgent and immediate, within 3 month
UC3
Kind of Damage: Material loss – mechanical damage, Detachment
Shelling: shrapnel, bullet holes
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Impact by shrapnel and bullets,
Definition / Description:
Locally limited superficial or substantial damage to the structure or building component due to crater-shaped impact caused by (artillery) grenades
Predominantly superficial damage to buildings or building components due to numerous irregular crater-shaped impacts of various sizes caused by bullets from firearms
Refer to Gaps, bursting (breakout)
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
CC2
Urgency Class:
intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC1
Kind of Damage: Material loss – mechanical damage
Missing construction components
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Shock wave / vibrations,
- Load stress
Definition / Description:
Locally limited substantial damage to a building component due to external effects or static defects (e.g. internal pressure/ force), leading to loss and decay
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
urgent and immediate, within 3 month
UC3
Kind of Damage: Material loss – mechanical damage, Cracks & deformation
Loose construction components
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Earthquake,
- Shock wave,
- Vibrations
- Load stress
Definition / Description:
Locally limited substantial damage to the building component due to external effects, static defects (e.g. internal pressure/force), causing loss of bonding and cohesion of the components leads to subsequent damage
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
urgent and immediate, within 3 month
UC3
Kind of Damage: Material loss – mechanical damage, Cracks & deformation
Gaps, bursting
Cause of Damage:
- Impact by shelling,
- Disgrace
Definition / Description:
Local loss of building components due to external effects, leading to loss and decay;
Gaps and lacunas leads to decay and to a disturbance of the architectural surface and affect the perception and integrity of a building.
Refer to Shelling, shrapnel, bullet holes
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Damage of materials
caused by alteration, deterioration and weathering
Kind of Damage: Material losses, Detachment
Corrosion
Cause of Damage:
- Water infiltration / increase in volume,
- Material characteristics,
- Inappropriate repair
Definition / Description:
The influence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) causes corrosion on (base) metals. Corroded metal can expand in volume many times over and thus lead to the breaking/ chipping of (building) components.
Note: this is not a damage phenomenon in the strict sense, but an important cause of various related consequential phenomena
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Detachment, Material losses, Discoloration/Deposits
Water infiltration / Rising damp
Cause of Damage:
- Weathering,
- Water infiltration,
- (Hygroscopic) Salts,
- Material characteristics,
- Exposition,
- Building defects,
- Sealing the ground
Definition / Description:
The ingress of water through defects in a building or rise of ground water in conjunction with porous building materials (capillary water absorption).
Note: this is not a damage phenomenon in the strict sense, but an important cause of various related consequential phenomena
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
CC2
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Detachment, Material losses, Discoloration/Deposits
Air pollutants
Cause of Damage:
- Weathering,
- Water infiltration,
- Salts,
- Material characteristics,
- Exposition,
- Building defects,
- Sealing the ground
Definition / Description:
The ingress of water through defects in a building or rise of ground water in conjunction with porous building materials (capillary water absorption).
Note: this is not a damage phenomenon in the strict sense, but an important cause of various related consequential phenomena
Condition Class:
minor symptoms
to moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC1 CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Material losses, Discoloration/Deposit
Fire damage
Cause of Damage:
- Heat / fire,
- Discoloration,
- Deposits-Soiling,
- Change of material characteristics, …
Definition / Description:
Fire causes serious material changes (superficial, inner structure) up to complete destruction; the aesthetic perception is strongly affected.
Note: this is not a damage phenomenon in the strict sense, but an important cause of various related consequential phenomena
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Detachment
Delamination / exfoliation
Cause of Damage:
- Deterioration,
- Weathering,
- Material characteristics, …
Definition / Description:
Detachment process affecting laminated stones (most of sedimentary rocks, some metamorphic rocks). It corresponds to a physical separation into one or several layers following the stone laminae. The thickness and the shape of the layers are variable. The layers may be oriented in any direction with regards to the stone surface.
Sandstone exfoliation: This subtype of delamination is characterized by a detachment of multiple thin stone layers sub-parallel to the stone surface. (ICOMOS Glossary on stone deterioration patterns).
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Detachment
Scaling
Cause of Damage:
- Deterioration,
- Weathering,
- Material characteristics,
- Inappropriate repair,
- Sometimes due to (organic) consolidants,
- Freeze-thaw change
Definition / Description:
Surface-parallel detachment of the rock surface in the form of (multilayer) shells. The thickness of the shells is generally a few millimetres to centimetres. The phenomenon can occur locally as well as over a large area.
Scaling is often associated with moisture and salt crystallization on architectural surfaces of limestone or
sandstone.
Detachment of stone as a scale or a stack of scales, not following any stone structure and detaching like fish scales or parallel to the stone surface. (ICOMOS Glossary on stone deterioration patterns).
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Detachment > Scaling
Spalling/ contour scaling
Cause of Damage:
- Deterioration,
- Weathering,
- Impacts,
- Material characteristics,
- Freeze-thaw change
Definition / Description:
Local loss of the stone surface due to internal pressure, weathering or external influences;
Detachment of stone as a scale or a stack of scales, not following any stone structure and detaching like fish scales or parallel to the stone surface. The thickness of a scale is generally of millimetre to centimetre Scale;
Contour scaling: scaling in which the interface with the sound part of the stone is parallel to the stone surface. In the case of flat surfaces, contour scaling may be called spalling.
(ICOMOS Glossary on stone deterioration patterns).
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Detachment > Disintegration
Sugaring/ Crumbling
Cause of Damage:
- Deterioration,
- Weathering,
- Effects of salts,
- Material characteristics,
- Freeze-thaw change
Definition / Description:
Detachment of single grains or aggregates of grains. It affects mostly the surface of the stone or can occur in depth. On crystalline marble, granular disintegration may reach several centimeters in depth, sometimes more.
Stones may display deterioration patterns intermediate between granular disintegration and crumbling, scaling or delamination. (ICOMOS Glossary on stone deterioration patterns).
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
CC2
Urgency Class:
intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC1
Kind of Damage: Detachment > Disintegration
Sanding/ Powdering
Cause of Damage:
- Deterioration,
- Weathering,
- Water infiltration,
- Effects of salts,
- Material characteristics
Definition / Description:
Separation of individual stone particles or grain aggregates. Usually starting at the surface and then progressing to depth.
The term sanding is commonly used for sandstone and for limestone it is called powdering.
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
CC2
Urgency Class:
intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC1
Kind of Damage: Material loss
Alveolization
Cause of Damage:
- Weathering,
- Water infiltration,
- Effects of salts,
- Material characteristics
Definition / Description:
Formation, on the stone surface, of cavities (alveoles) which may be interconnected and may have
variable shapes and sizes (generally centimetric, sometimes metric).
Alveolization is a kind of differential weathering possibly due to inhomogeneities in physical or chemical properties of the stone. (ICOMOS Glossary on stone deterioration patterns).
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Material loss
Erosion by wind
Cause of Damage:
- Deterioration,
- Weathering,
- Abrasion,
- Material characteristics
Definition / Description:
The slow deterioration or abrasion of architectural surfaces, usually caused by the natural influence of wind-borne particles (such as dust, sand). Wind erosion can lead to rounded shapes (rounding).
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC1
Kind of Damage: Material loss
Hollow areas / cavity
Cause of Damage:
- Water infiltration,
- Effects of salts,
- Freeze-thaw change,
- Deterioration,
- Material characteristics
Definition / Description:
Local or partial detachment of a layer of plaster from the masonry due to loss of adhesion. Often not visible by the naked eye. As a result, there is a risk of falling and loss of the historical surface.
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Discoloration & Deposits
Deposits/ soiling
Cause of Damage:
- Weathering,
- Material characteristics,
- Exposition
- Building defects, air pollution (dust, fine particles),
- Animals (excrements),
- Neglect
Definition / Description:
Accumulation of exogenous material of variable thickness, as typically deposits in the form of soot, dust or any kind of dirt, even from animals. These deposits can form crusty deposits in combination with moisture and air pollutants.
A deposit can be described for color, morphology, size and if possible nature and/or origin.
Condition Class:
minor symptoms
to moderate symptoms
CC1 CC2
Urgency Class:
intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC1
Kind of Damage: Discoloration & Deposits
Crusts
Cause of Damage:
- Air pollution (Sulphur dioxide, dust, fine particles),
- Weathering,
- Material characteristics,
- Exposition
Definition / Description:
A crust is a coherent accumulation of substances on the surface. Black crusts generally develop in urban environments on surfaces that are protected from direct rain and run-off water. They usually adhere very firmly to the substrate and consist mainly of particles from the air, which are fixed in a gypsum matrix (CaSO4 * 2 H2O).
They can be of uniform or irregular thickness and trace the stone surface; the crust can create tensions and detach from the surface with the upper stone matrix; crusts influence the esthetic appearance making details of the stone surface more difficult to see.
Condition Class:
minor symptoms
to moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC1 CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Kind of Damage: Discoloration & Deposits, Material loss, Detachment
Decay caused by salts
Cause of Damage:
- Weathering,
- Water infiltration,
- (Hygroscopic) Salts,
- Material characteristics,
- Exposition,
- Building defects,
- Sealing of the ground,
- Air pollution
Definition / Description:
Salts can cause great damage in porous materials such as sandstone, and bricks. They usually occur in connection with any kind of water infiltration. The damage mechanisms are based on dissolving the structure due to crystallization processes in the pore space (changes of the physical-chemical conditions). In individual cases, several damage processes can also interact. In general, the type of damage caused by
soluble salts is related to the location of their crystallization.
The nature of the damage can be broadly divided into two main categories:
Efflorescence (salt crystallization at the surface) and
Subfluorescence (salt crystallization beneath the surface of the object).
Although visually alarming, efflorescence is in general as less harmful than subfluorescence, which might cause the disruption and loss of the object’s surface. The most important salts, which are structurally damaging buildings, are sodium chloride, sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate…
Note: this is not a damage phenomenon in the strict sense, but an important cause of various related consequential phenomena
Condition Class:
moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC1
Kind of Damage: Biological colonization
Biological impact
Cause of Damage:
- Climate,
- Weathering,
- Exposition,
- Material characteristics,
- Building defects,
- Neglect
Definition / Description:
Colonization of an object or building with living organisms, which can lead to damage or decay because the plant is able to penetrate into gaps and joints while damaging the substance by increasing its volume (with all side effects).
Symbiotic relationships between plants and building fabric are not excluded in exceptional cases.
Colonization can be by many types of living organisms, from the simplest (bacteria, fungi, lichens and algae) to more complex species, such as higher plants (trees and bushes) and animals (bird droppings and nests). This can lead to irreversible loss of value and information.
Condition Class:
minor symptoms
to moderate symptoms
to major symptoms
CC1 CC2 CC3
Urgency Class:
short term (within 1 year)
to intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC2 UC1
Effects of use
Kind of Condition: Effects of use
Traces of use / Patina
Cause of Damage:
- Wear and tear through use,
- Abrasion,
- Scratches
Definition / Description:
A natural alteration which appears at the surface of various materials due to ageing, use, handling, oxidation, and/or exposure to the environment.
Without disfiguring the surface, a patina is essentially an intrinsic part of the material. Sometimes a patina can be a protective layer, as in the case, for instance, of calcium oxalate. Patinas can also be synthetically made with chemicals.
The repeated abrasion effect of feet has led to the formation of a depression on this stone pavement element.
Note: this is not a damage phenomenon in the strict sense, but an important cause of various related consequential phenomena
Condition Class:
minor symptoms
CC1
Urgency Class:
without need to action
UC-
Inappropriate interventions
Kind of Damage: Alteration, human intervention
Inappropriate repair
Cause of Damage:
- Incompatible techniques and materials,
- Material characteristics
Definition / Description:
Inappropriate and incompatible techniques or materials for repair that may damage the original materials, such as the use of Portland cement or iron dowels.
Note: this is not a damage phenomenon in the strict sense, but an important cause of various related consequential phenomena
Condition Class:
minor symptoms
to moderate symptoms
CC1 CC2
Urgency Class:
intermediate term (1-3 years)
UC1
Annex
Classification of Condition
The classification is based on the „European Norm for the Conservation of cultural property — Condition survey and report of built cultural heritage (EN 16096:2012)“
Refer to “Guideline Integrated Building Documentation”
Condition Classification (CC = condition class)
For each component / building element a condition class shall be stated.
The condition classification is based on an overall assessment of all the relevant symptoms.
No Symptoms
Apparently without perceptible change in substance
CC0
Minor Symptoms
Only superficially, without substantial changes
(loss < 20%)
CC1
Moderate Symptoms
Locally limited damage / loss of surface
(loss < 50%)
CC2
Major Symptoms
Serious damage, severe substantial loss / danger of collapse
(loss > 50%)
CC3
Total Loss
Physically complete destruction of a building / component / element (loss > 90%)
CC4
Risk classification (UC = urgency class)
A risk assessment for each component (or collectively for multiple components exhibiting similar symptoms) shall be performed.
The urgencies expressed through the risk analysis is graded into categories of urgency.
Without need for action
UC-
Long term
from 3 years
UC0
Intermediate term
1 – 3 years
UC1
Short term
within 1 year
UC2
Urgent and immediate
within 3 month
UC3
Overall classification (RC = recommendation class)
An overall recommendation class for the built cultural heritage as a whole shall be specified based on the risk assessment and recommended measures of all the components.
It is specified by evaluating each component, its condition and risk. graded into categories of urgency.
No Recommendation Class assigned
RC-
No measures
RC0
Maintenance / Preventive conservation
RC1
Moderate repair and/or further investigation
additional investigations or expert opinions may be necessary
RC2
Major intervention based on diagnosis
RC3
Rebuilding / Reconstruction / Archeological Presentation, …
RC4
Glossary
of surface and material condition phenomena
The classification is related to the „ICOMOS illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, Monuments and Sites XV, 2008 (Link)“
Cracks and Deformation Detachments | Biological colonization | Material losses | Discoloration / Deposit | Human intervention
- Cracks and Deformation
- Cracks
- Cracks of construction
- Deformation
- Structural crack / Settling crack
- Masonry cracks
- Design and construction cracks
- Incompatibility cracks
- Wall bulging
- Wall swelling
- Fracture
- Star crack
- Shrinkage / hairline crack
- Craquelee
Cracks and Deformation Detachments Biological colonization | Material losses | Discoloration / Deposit | Human intervention
- Detachments
- Blistering
- Bursting
- Delamination
- Exfoliation
- Disintegration
- Crumbling
- Sanding
- Fragmentation
- Peeling
- Scaling
- Flacking
- Spalling/ Contour scaling
Cracks and Deformation | Detachments Biological colonization Material losses | Discoloration / Deposit | Human intervention
- Biological colonization
- Alga
- Lichen
- Moss
- Mould
- Plants
- Roots
- Insects
- Microbes
Cracks and Deformation | Detachments | Biological colonization Material losses Discoloration / Deposit | Human intervention
- Material losses
- Alveolization
- Erosion phenomena
- Differential erosion (back weathering)
- Loss of components, matrix
- Rounding
- Roughening
- Mechanical damages
- Impacts (hole-shaped)
- Bullet holes
- Impacts (surficial)
- Cuts
- Scratches
- Abrasion – Keying
- Dissolution
- Microkarst
- Missing part, element
- Gaps (lacuna)
- Perforation
Cracks and Deformation | Detachments | Biological colonization | Material losses Discoloration / Deposit Human intervention
- Discoloration / Deposit
- Crust
- Deposit
- Discoloration
- Coloration
- Bleaching / Yellowing
- Darkening / Moist area
- Efflorescence
- Encrustation
- Film
- Glossy aspect
- Graffiti / color
- Patina / Traces of usage
- Pollution / Soiling
- Subflorescence
Cracks and Deformation | Detachments | Biological colonization | Material losses | Discoloration / Deposit Human intervention
- Human intervention
- Missing fixtures (looting)
- Relocation of fixtures and fittings
- Improper modification/ dismantling/ finishing
- Unsuitable change of use
- Loss of architectural character
- Loss of heritage values
- Improvement / rehabilitation
- Restoration / Recovery
- Replacement of loss
- Traces of use
References
About this work
imprint – licensing
Version 2, July 2021
Authors: York Rieffel, Issam Ballouz
Printer’s imprint
A publication by the Museum for Islamic Art Berlin
(Staatliche Museen Berlin – Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation)
Project:
Project Management:
Research assistants:
Consultancy:
Graphic design:
Cooperation partners:
Funding:
Duration:
Syrian Heritage Archive Project SHAP > Aleppo Built Heritage
Documentation and Assessment BHD
Issam Ballouz, Stefan Weber
Rami Alafandi, Eva Al-Habib Nmeir, Alaa Haddad
York Rieffel, Senior Conservation Officer, Berlin Monument Authority
Berthold Schnitzer, BSJ Creative
Museum for Islamic Art Berlin, German Archaeological Institute
Gerda Henkel Foundation
July 2017 to July 2020
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