Hadrian’s Arch, 3rd c. AD

Hadrian’s Arch, 3rd c. AD

Church of the Armenians in ar-Raqqa

Church of the Armenians in ar-Raqqa

Aramaic Language – Jab’adin in Munira’s Memory

View of the Barada Valley in the 1960s

View of the Barada Valley in the 1960s

View of the Orontes valley at low water

View of the Orontes valley at low water

A village with reed thatched roofed houses in al-Ghab Plain

A village with reed thatched roofed houses in al-Ghab Plain

General view of the Orontes valley in the 1960s

General view of the Orontes valley in the 1960s

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Al-Kilaniyya neighborhood in Hama

Al-Kilaniyya neighborhood in Hama

View at an-Nuri Mosque and the Kilaniyya Norias on the Orontes River, Hama

View at an-Nuri Mosque and the Kilaniyya Norias on the Orontes River, Hama

Ghuta of Damascus, an old irrigation canal, 1963

Ghuta of Damascus, an old irrigation canal, 1963

Aerial photograph of Jibal Lubnan ash-Sharqiyya (Anti-Lebanon Mountains) with Barada valley

Aerial photograph of Jibal Lubnan ash-Sharqiyya (Anti-Lebanon Mountains) with Barada valley

A view of the Barada valley showing the train rail

A view of the Barada valley showing the train rail

In the vicinity of a small town/village on the slope of a natural rock, possibly in the Afrin region

In the vicinity of a small town/village on the slope of a natural rock, possibly in the Afrin region

Noria (waterwheel) in Hama

Noria (waterwheel) in Hama

Hama, general view of the "Four Norias", the two Bischriyyat and two Uthmaniyyat

Hama, general view of the “Four Norias”, the two Bischriyyat and two Uthmaniyyat

Hama, general overview at the Jisriyya/Bridge Noria (waterwheel)

Hama, general overview at the Jisriyya/Bridge Noria (waterwheel)

Al-Jisriyya norias (water wheel), Hama

Al-Jisriyya norias (water wheel), Hama

A view from Jabal ʿAruda toward the plain of Manbij

A view from Jabal ʿAruda toward the plain of Manbij

Jabal ʿAruda, ruins of a temple from the middle of the 4th millennium BC

Jabal ʿAruda, ruins of a temple from the middle of the 4th millennium BC

Noria (water wheel) axis

Noria (water wheel) axis

Syriac tombs in Jabal ʿAruda

Syriac tombs in Jabal ʿAruda

Jabal ʿAruda, Maqam (shrine) ash-Shaykh 'Aruda

Jabal ʿAruda, Maqam (shrine) ash-Shaykh ‘Aruda

Hama, Waterwheels of Kilaniyya, al-Tawafira and al-Jaʿbariyya

Hama, Waterwheels of Kilaniyya, al-Tawafira and al-Jaʿbariyya

A view of an-Nuri Mosque and the Kilaniyya Norias (water wheels), Hama

A view of an-Nuri Mosque and the Kilaniyya Norias (water wheels), Hama

Ecological and botanical garden near Damascus citadel

Ecological and botanical garden near Damascus citadel

Naʿurat al-Muhammadiyya (waterwheel), the biggest noria in Hama

Naʿurat al-Muhammadiyya (waterwheel), the biggest noria in Hama

Waterfall of Zayzun in the Yarmuk valley in 1918

Waterfall of Zayzun in the Yarmuk valley in 1918

Hama, general view of the Jisriyya (waterwheel)

Hama, general view of the Jisriyya (waterwheel)

Bucket wheel (noria) and aqueduct in 1930

Bucket wheel (noria) and aqueduct in 1930