North facade, Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

North facade, Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

Damages at the southern facade, Jamiʿ ad-Dalati (mosque), Homs

Damages at the southern facade, Jamiʿ ad-Dalati (mosque), Homs

Yabrud: residential buildings as road-accompanying development

Yabrud: residential buildings as road-accompanying development

Great Mosque, prayer hall, Shrine of the Prophet Zakariya

Great Mosque, prayer hall, Shrine of the Prophet Zakariya

Yabrud: Streetlife with shops and residential houses, townspeople and peasants

Yabrud: Streetlife with shops and residential houses, townspeople and peasants

Abacus of collapse mechanisms of churches, lines of vulnerability, San Salvatore a Campi, Perugia, Italy

Fig.17-b_Simulation of collapse mechanisms

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Rubble heap of a collapsed dome, view inside prayer hall of al-ʿAdiliyya mosque, Aleppo

Fig.47_Rubble heap of a collapsed dome

Traditional house in neighborhood "al-Almaji"

Traditional house in neighborhood “al-Almaji”

Courtyard, Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

Courtyard, Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, the current prayer hall was part of ِAleppo's Byzantine cathedral

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, the current prayer hall was part of ِAleppo’s Byzantine cathedral

Abacus of collapse mechanisms of churches, lines of vulnerability, San Salvatore a Campi, Perugia, Italy

Fig.17-b-1a_collapse mechanism, overturning of the facade

Qalb Lawza Basilica, illustration of the assumed construction method

Qalb Lawza Basilica, illustration of the assumed construction method

Jamiʿ al-Mihmandar, the entrance half dome

Jamiʿ al-Mihmandar, the entrance half dome

Al-Khusrawiyya, Friday Mosque, entrance portal

Al-Khusrawiyya, Friday Mosque, entrance portal

Bayt Junblat, southern iwan (the great iwan)

Bayt Junblat, southern iwan (the great iwan)

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Raqqa, Baghdad gate

Raqqa, Baghdad gate

Abacus of collapse mechanisms of churches, lines of vulnerability, San Salvatore a Campi, Perugia, Italy

Fig.17-b-3a_collapse mechanism, cracks in the plane of the facade

Aleppo Great Mosque, minaret, foundation inscriptions on the base

Aleppo Great Mosque, minaret, foundation inscriptions on the base

Great Mosque, top of the minaret

Great Mosque, top of the minaret

Great Mosque, Minaret

Great Mosque, Minaret

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

Masbanat aj-Jubayli, the stage of arranging the soap to dry

Masbanat aj-Jubayli, the stage of arranging the soap to dry

Jamiʿ al-Mihmandar, lower part of the minaret

Jamiʿ al-Mihmandar, lower part of the minaret

Jamiʿ al-Mihmandar, minaret

Jamiʿ al-Mihmandar, minaret

View at wooden structure in roofing space (Aleppo, Soap factory Fansa)

Roofing space

Great Mosque, Minaret

Great Mosque, Minaret

Great Mosque, damage mapping

Great Mosque, damage mapping