Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, a circular aperture in the roof of courtyard

Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, a circular aperture in the roof of courtyard

Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, a view of the circular aperture in the roof and the fountain in the middle courtyard

Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, a view of the circular aperture in the roof and the fountain in the middle courtyard

The Great Colonnade

The Great Colonnade

Remains of the Great Colonnade

Remains of the Great Colonnade

Palmyra, Hadrian’s Arch, , 3rd century A.D., view from south at the entrance to colonnaded street

Palmyra, Hadrian’s Arch, , 3rd century A.D., view from south at the entrance to colonnaded street

Tetrapylon and Colonnaded Street, 3rd century AD

Tetrapylon and Colonnaded Street, 3rd century AD

A part of the ground and upper floor, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm

A part of the ground and upper floor, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm

The Great Colonnade

The Great Colonnade

Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, upper view of the inner courtyard and its fountain in the center

Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, upper view of the inner courtyard and its fountain in the center

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, column details in the double arcade

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, column details in the double arcade

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, columns and pillars

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, columns and pillars

Columns with Corinthian capitals- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Columns with Corinthian capitals- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Khan Qurdbak, stone ornamentaion

Khan Qurdbak, stone ornamentaion

Damage pattern, corrosion of an iron connector led to cracks and outburst, Acropolis, Athens

Fig. 24, Catalogue of Damage

Capital on the terrace of north arcade, Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

Capital on the terrace of north arcade, Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

A picture of workers doing restorations in the Umayyad Mosque

A picture of workers doing restorations in the Umayyad Mosque

Columns with Corinthian capitals in one of Sirjilla's buildings

Columns with Corinthian capitals in one of Sirjilla’s buildings

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

The Throne Hall in Damascus Citadel

The Throne Hall in Damascus Citadel

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, east facade - one of the two columns which frame a window

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, east facade – one of the two columns which frame a window

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Al-Madrasa al-Ahmadiyya, column with its capital

Al-Madrasa al-Ahmadiyya, column with its capital

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, capital with muqarnas of a column in the double arcade

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, capital with muqarnas of a column in the double arcade

Fluted column- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Fluted column- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Twisted column - The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Twisted column – The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, column details in the double arcade

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, column details in the double arcade

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, prayer hall entrance - floral motifs decorating a column

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, prayer hall entrance – floral motifs decorating a column