Tomb of the three Brothers, 2nd c.

Tomb of the three Brothers, 2nd c.

A capital decorated with acanthus leaves, Monastery of Saint Simeon

A capital decorated with acanthus leaves, Monastery of Saint Simeon

Hammam an-Nahhasin, the cold section (barrani)

Hammam an-Nahhasin, the cold section (barrani)

Detail: Corinthian capital of a column of the former conch (Aleppo, Madrasa al-Hallawiyya)

Detail of capital

Busra - Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Busra – Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Previous state, main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-a_Main front in 1995, with ornamental details, spolia, and a coat of arms

Roman sarcophagus with decorations, Qanawat

Roman sarcophagus with decorations, Qanawat

Palmyra, Hadrian’s Arch, , 3rd century A.D., view from south at the entrance to colonnaded street

Palmyra, Hadrian’s Arch, , 3rd century A.D., view from south at the entrance to colonnaded street

Busra - Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Busra – Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Al-Madrasa az-Zahiriyya, courtyard - lobed angle fountain

Al-Madrasa az-Zahiriyya, courtyard – lobed angle fountain

Citadel of Aleppo, Temple of the Storm God Hadad - Detail on platform wall

Citadel of Aleppo, Temple of the Storm God Hadad – Detail on platform wall

Hiraqla victory monument

Hiraqla victory monument

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, eastern Qaʿa, section north-south, view to east

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, eastern Qaʿa, section north-south, view to east

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami: eastern Qaʿa (mamluke), section north-south, view to west

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami: eastern Qaʿa (mamluke), section north-south, view to west

Previous state 1995, main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41_View with ornamental details, spolia, and a coat of arms

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Busra - Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Busra – Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Busra - Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Busra – Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Busra - Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Busra – Southern Roman Bath (al-Hammam ar-Rumani al-Janubi)

Propylaea of Jupiter Temple, Damascus

Propylaea of Jupiter Temple, Damascus

Bucket wheel (noria) and aqueduct in 1930

Bucket wheel (noria) and aqueduct in 1930

A capital decorated with wavy acanthus leaves, Monastery of Saint Simeon Stylites

A capital decorated with wavy acanthus leaves, Monastery of Saint Simeon Stylites

An arch in Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi

An arch in Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi

A side of Kharbaqa Dam, spring

A side of Kharbaqa Dam, spring

Carved and ornamented stone, 1st category remains, from portal of Ujkhan, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.18_1st category, carved and ornamented stone

Khan Qurdbak, entrance - stone bench

Khan Qurdbak, entrance – stone bench

Bayt Ajiqbash, carved stone at the courtyard

Bayt Ajiqbash, carved stone at the courtyard

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, entrance - a stone base (spolia) which is the cathedral baptismal font

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, entrance – a stone base (spolia) which is the cathedral baptismal font

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, entrance - a stone base (spolia) which is the cathedral baptismal font

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, entrance – a stone base (spolia) which is the cathedral baptismal font

Al-Madrasa as-Sultaniyya, entrance - stone carved Arabic inscriptions

Al-Madrasa as-Sultaniyya, entrance – stone carved Arabic inscriptions