Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab al-Hadid, south-west facade of the gate tower

Bab al-Hadid, south-west facade of the gate tower

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the entrance

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the entrance

Fortification tower north of the Bab Antakiya, view during the removal of historical annexes

Fortification tower north of the Bab Antakiya, view during the removal of historical annexes

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's entrance from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s entrance from the outside

Tower north of Bab Antakiya, a side of the defensive tower after the removal of infringements

Tower north of Bab Antakiya, a side of the defensive tower after the removal of infringements

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Bab Antakiya, main gate

Bab Antakiya, main gate

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Suq az-Zarb, general view of the suq after the destruction, view towards east

Suq az-Zarb, general view of the suq after the destruction, view towards east

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

Remains City Wall and Ibn Maʿn Castle in the back

Remains City Wall and Ibn Maʿn Castle in the back

General view showing the remains of city wall on the right

General view showing the remains of city wall on the right

Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Remains of ar-Raqqa Wall built of mud brick

Remains of ar-Raqqa Wall built of mud brick

Remain of City Wall, Palmyra

Remain of City Wall, Palmyra

Left volute of the lintel, Damascus Gate, Palmyra

Left volute of the lintel, Damascus Gate, Palmyra

Damascus Gate, City Wall of Palmyra

Damascus Gate, City Wall of Palmyra

Raqqa, Map draft of ar- Rafiqa and its walls

Raqqa, Map draft of ar- Rafiqa and its walls

General view showing the remains of city wall

General view showing the remains of city wall

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

Suq az-Zarb, view towards east of the suq after the destruction

Suq az-Zarb, view towards east of the suq after the destruction

Suq ad-Dahsha, general view of the suq

Suq ad-Dahsha, general view of the suq

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - one of the wall tower

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – one of the wall tower

View to the south from the battlements of the citadel to the city in 1916

View to the south from the battlements of the citadel to the city in 1916

View of the roofs of houses in the old city of Aleppo

View of the roofs of houses in the old city of Aleppo

Maps of Aleppo: city center and historical suburban aereas, 1982

Maps of Aleppo: city center and historical suburban aereas, 1982

Soap of Aleppo: fresh soap to dry

Soap of Aleppo: fresh soap to dry

Bad al-Hadid, detail of a rank decorating the gate's entrance from outside

Bad al-Hadid, detail of a rank decorating the gate’s entrance from outside