The minaret of the Mosque of Shaykh ʿAqil al-ʿUmari al-Manbiji

The minaret of the Mosque of Shaykh ʿAqil al-ʿUmari al-Manbiji

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

The minaret of the Mosque of Shaykh ʿAqil al-ʿUmari al-Manbiji

The minaret of the Mosque of Shaykh ʿAqil al-ʿUmari al-Manbiji

The minaret of Balis Mosque, rebuilt near Maskana

The minaret of Balis Mosque, rebuilt near Maskana

Qalʿat al-Marqab, Fresco on the ceiling of chapel sacristy, 12th C.

Qalʿat al-Marqab, Fresco on the ceiling of chapel sacristy, 12th C.

Qal‘at Shayzar ( Citadel), An Arabic inscription.

Qal‘at Shayzar ( Citadel), An Arabic inscription.

Qalʿat al-Marqab, Decoration on the entrance arch

Qalʿat al-Marqab, Decoration on the entrance arch

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower's southern facade

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower’s southern facade

Tomb tower of Elahbel, the Valley of Tombs

Tomb tower of Elahbel, the Valley of Tombs

The southern-western tower of Damascus Citadel

The southern-western tower of Damascus Citadel

Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, decorations at the top of tower gate

Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, decorations at the top of tower gate

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower

Citadel of Aleppo, general view of the Gate Tower

Citadel of Aleppo, general view of the Gate Tower

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the southern facade of the tower with its machicolations and parapets

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the southern facade of the tower with its machicolations and parapets

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s facade

Qalʿat al-Qadmus (al-Qadmus Castle), Inscription

Qalʿat al-Qadmus (al-Qadmus Castle), Inscription

Jarada, tower

Jarada, tower

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's western facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s western facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's southern facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s southern facade

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Citadel of Aleppo, a view from the main entrance showing the Gate Tower

Citadel of Aleppo, a view from the main entrance showing the Gate Tower

Tomb tower of Elahbel in the Valley of the Tombs

Tomb tower of Elahbel in the Valley of the Tombs

Tomb tower of Elahbel in the Valley of the Tombs

Tomb tower of Elahbel in the Valley of the Tombs

Qalʿat al-Marqab (Castle), Central courtyard and chapel

Qalʿat al-Marqab (Castle), Central courtyard and chapel

Qalʿat (castle) al-Qadmus, inscription

Qalʿat (castle) al-Qadmus, inscription

General view of the Shumaymis Castle

General view of the Shumaymis Castle

General view of Masyaf Castle

General view of Masyaf Castle

Qalʿat al-Qadmus (al-Qadmus Castle), The mosque of Hasan Jalal ad-Din

Qalʿat al-Qadmus (al-Qadmus Castle), The mosque of Hasan Jalal ad-Din

A view of Shayzar Castle from afar

A view of Shayzar Castle from afar

A side from Qalʿat al-Marqab (Castle)

A side from Qalʿat al-Marqab (Castle)