Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower's west-south corner

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower’s west-south corner

Maps of Aleppo: functional zoning in the ancient city, 1982

Maps of Aleppo: functional zoning in the ancient city, 1982

The semi-circular towers of ar-Raqqa Wall

The semi-circular towers of ar-Raqqa Wall

Bab Qinnasrin, general view of the gate's tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab Qinnasrin, general view of the gate’s tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bad al-Hadid, detail of a rank decorating the gate's entrance from outside

Bad al-Hadid, detail of a rank decorating the gate’s entrance from outside

Rakhla: The City of Wine and Poetry in the Memory of its daughters

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

View of the city of Saydnaya with its monastery

View of the city of Saydnaya with its monastery

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

Aerial view of war damage in ancient city of Aleppo by drone

Fig.01_Drone photograph showing damage in Aleppo

Raqqa, Map draft of ar- Rafiqa and its walls

Raqqa, Map draft of ar- Rafiqa and its walls

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

STUNDE NULL (2019 – 2020)

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

Aleppo Catalogue

Baghdad Gate of Raqqa-Rafiqa, 10th c. onwards

Baghdad Gate of Raqqa-Rafiqa, 10th c. onwards

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

Maps of Aleppo: Sectoral concentration of trade and craft, 1982

Maps of Aleppo: Sectoral concentration of trade and craft, 1982

People near the historical city Wall of Raqqa

People near the historical city Wall of Raqqa

Tall al-Mishrifa (ancient Qatna), view of the historic citywall, within which the village is located

Tall al-Mishrifa (ancient Qatna), view of the historic citywall, within which the village is located

A shop in Suq al-Buzuriyya, Old City of Damascus

A shop in Suq al-Buzuriyya, Old City of Damascus

Maize field adjacent to the houses of Mishrifa village on top of the city wall of Qatna

Maize field adjacent to the houses of Mishrifa village on top of the city wall of Qatna

View of towards the city and the monastery of Saydnaya

View of towards the city and the monastery of Saydnaya

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - Columns discovered during excavation

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – Columns discovered during excavation

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

Part of the of the city wall of Damascus

Part of the of the city wall of Damascus

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

Part of Damascus city wall topped by a house balcony

Part of Damascus city wall topped by a house balcony

Exterior view of al-Bab ash-Sharqi (Eastern citygate), the eastern entrance to Old City of Damascus

Exterior view of al-Bab ash-Sharqi (Eastern citygate), the eastern entrance to Old City of Damascus