Tall Brak, one of the earliest and largest cities in northern Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC [Original photo name:eye temple4]

Tall Brak, one of the earliest and largest cities in northern Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC [Original photo name:eye temple4]

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Part of golden and colored mosaic, Umayyad Mosque

Part of golden and colored mosaic, Umayyad Mosque

Ruins of the wall of Qalʿat Shumaymis (castle)

Ruins of the wall of Qalʿat Shumaymis (castle)

The southern tower of Qal‘at Shayzar

The southern tower of Qal‘at Shayzar

Tall Brak (Nagar), ruins of Naram-Sin Palace, 3rd millennuim BC. [Original photo name: naram sin palace2]

Tall Brak (Nagar), ruins of Naram-Sin Palace, 3rd millennuim BC. [Original photo name: naram sin palace2]

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

Al-Bara, pyramid tomb A, 6th c. AD

Al-Bara, pyramid tomb A, 6th c. AD

Tall Brak (Nagar), ruins of Naram-Sin Palace, 3rd millennuim BC. [Original photo name: naram sin palace2]

Tall Brak (Nagar), ruins of Naram-Sin Palace, 3rd millennuim BC. [Original photo name: naram sin palace2]

Tall Brak (Nagar), ruins of Naram-Sin Palace, 3rd millennuim BC. [Original photo name: naram sin palace2]

Tall Brak (Nagar), ruins of Naram-Sin Palace, 3rd millennuim BC. [Original photo name: naram sin palace2]

Tall Brak, general view of the main mound

Tall Brak, general view of the main mound

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

View from the northeast, Temple of Bel

View from the northeast, Temple of Bel

General view of Bel Temple among the palm trees

General view of Bel Temple among the palm trees

Arch of Triumph (Qaws Hadrian) behind palm trees

Arch of Triumph (Qaws Hadrian) behind palm trees

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Inside the city wall, excavation work, Qatna

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

Ruins of Qalʿat ash-Shugr wa-Bakas on the edge of a mountain slope

Damage pattern, exfoliation, sandstone, Heidelberg, Germany

Fig. 33, Catalogue of Damage

One of the three minor mihrabs, Umayyad Mosque

One of the three minor mihrabs, Umayyad Mosque

Damage pattern, sanding in sandstone, University, Aachen, Germany

Fig. 42-b, Catalogue of Damage

Damage pattern, back weathering, limestone, Cairo, Egypt

Fig. 38, Catalogue of Damage

Damage pattern, crumbling in limestone, City wall, Cairo, Egypt

Fig. 40, Catalogue of Damage

Damage pattern, powdering in limestone, Cathedral, Cadiz, Spain

Fig. 42, Catalogue of Damage

Damage pattern, single scaling in sandstone, Castle, Ludwigsburg, Germany

Fig. 35, Catalogue of Damage

Damage pattrern, efflorecence on limestone, Mosque, Cairo, Egypt

Fig. 54, Catalogue of Damage

Damage pattern, crust on sandstone, detachment due to tensions, Castle, Hannover, Germany

Fig. 52, Catalogue of Damage