Monastery of St Simeon Stylites, remains of the Column of Saint Simeon the Stylite

Monastery of St Simeon Stylites, remains of the Column of Saint Simeon the Stylite

Raqqa - "East of Raqqa" site - Western Palace - vegetable stucco ornaments

Raqqa – “East of Raqqa” site – Western Palace – vegetable stucco ornaments

View into the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Hama

View into the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Hama

Baalshamin temple from the inside, 2nd c. AD

Baalshamin temple from the inside, 2nd c. AD

Remains of the western gate of the temple of Jupiter

Remains of the western gate of the temple of Jupiter

Great Mosque of Aleppo, prayer hall interior and Shrine of the Prophet Zechariah

Great Mosque of Aleppo, prayer hall interior and Shrine of the Prophet Zechariah

A general scene showing some of the ruins of Palmyra and the Castle Ibn Maʿn

A general scene showing some of the ruins of Palmyra and the Castle Ibn Maʿn

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, courtyard with southern Iwan

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, courtyard with southern Iwan

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, eastern facade - window within a rectangular niche decorated with muqarnas

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, eastern facade – window within a rectangular niche decorated with muqarnas

Citadel of Aleppo, general view of the Throne Hall

Citadel of Aleppo, general view of the Throne Hall

Damascus, Propylaea of Jupiter Temple, 1st CE. AD

Damascus, Propylaea of Jupiter Temple, 1st CE. AD

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, domed prayer hall which houses parts of the 5th century cathedral

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, domed prayer hall which houses parts of the 5th century cathedral

Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), exterior view of the gate from south-west

Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), exterior view of the gate from south-west

Madrasa al-Hallawiyya: interior view at the former Byzantine apse

Madrasa al-Hallawiyya: interior view at the former Byzantine apse

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, the hall

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, the hall

Raqqa, "East of Raqqa" site - Western Palace, vegetable stucco ornaments

Raqqa, “East of Raqqa” site – Western Palace, vegetable stucco ornaments

Raqqa - "East of Raqqa" site - Western Palace - finds

Raqqa – “East of Raqqa” site – Western Palace – finds

A shepherd with his herd and tourists

A shepherd with his herd and tourists

Damage pattern, spalling at granite column, Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

Fig. 36, Catalogue of Damage

The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Closed arched entrance, Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi

Closed arched entrance, Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi

Afamiya, a side of ruins

Afamiya, a side of ruins

Afamiya, a side of ruins

Afamiya, a side of ruins

An arch in Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi

An arch in Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi

Stucco decorations in situ, Kharab Sayyar

Stucco decorations in situ, Kharab Sayyar

Jamiʿ al-Utrush, collapsed roof of prayer hall, eastern part

Jamiʿ al-Utrush, collapsed roof of prayer hall, eastern part

Side of the Ruins, Sirjilla

Side of the Ruins, Sirjilla